The USGS continues to monitor volcanoes around the United States; today, 4 of them are at an elevated WATCH / ORANGE status due to the activity at each. The four volcanoes showing signs of unrest or activity are the Great Sitkin volcano, Pavlof, Semisopochnoi, and Kilauea. The two volcanoes earning an ADVISORY / YELLOW status are Mauna Loa and Cleveland. All other volcanoes USGS is monitoring today are at GREEN or unrated.
Within the United States, the USGS tracks 161 potentially active volcanoes. Alaska is home to many volcanoes, though; there are more than 130 volcanoes and volcanic fields which have been active within the geologically young last 2 million years. 50 have been active since the mid 1700s and AVO studies those too.
Another place famous for its volcanoes is Hawaii; on the Big Island of Hawaii, Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai are considered active and potential threats, however only one is erupting today: Kilauea. The U.S. is only home to a fraction of the world’s volcanoes: according to USGS, there are normally around 2 dozen erupting volcanoes around the world at any given time. The USGS says there are about 1,500 potentially active volcanoes worldwide, with about 500 of the 1,500 erupting in modern historical times.
The Hawaii volcanoes are monitored by the Hawaii Volcano Observatory (HVO) while the Alaska volcanoes are monitored by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO.) In addition to the AVO and HVO, there are also the California Volcano Observatory , Cascades Volcano Observatory, the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, and the Northern Mariana Islands Volcano Observatory. Each of those additional volcano observatories within the USGS are monitoring volcanoes in their respective regions. At this time, none of those other observatories are reporting unusual activity or signs of anything more than background noise for now.
In the U.S., the USGS and volcano observatory units are responsible for issuing Aviation Codes and Volcanic Activity Alert Levels. Aviation Codes are green, yellow, orange, or red. When ground-based instrumentation is insufficient to establish that a volcano is at a typical background level of activity, it is simply “unassigned.” While green means typical activity associated with a non-eruptive state, yellow means a volcano is exhibiting signs of elevated unrest above known background levels. When a volcano exhibits heightened or escalating unrest with the increased potential of eruption, it jumps to orange. Finally, when an eruption is imminent with significant emission of volcanic ash expected in the atmosphere or an eruption is underway with significant emission of volcanic ash into the atmosphere, the code becomes red. Volcanic Activity Alert levels are normal, advisory, watch, or warning. As with aviation codes, if data is insufficient, it is simply labeled as “unassigned.” When the volcano is at typical background activity in a non-eruptive state, it is considered normal. If the volcano exhibits signs of elevated unrest above background level, an advisory is issued. If a volcano exhibits heightened or escalating unrest, a watch is issued while a warning is issued when a hazardous eruption is imminent.
The Great Sitkin Volcano is a basaltic andesite volcano that occupies most of the northern half of Great Sitkin Island, a member of the Andreanof Islands group in the central Aleutian Islands. It’s located roughly 26 miles east of Adak, which is 1,192 miles southwest of Anchorage. According to the AVO, the volcano has a composite structure consisting of an older dissected volcano and a younger parasitic cone with a 1.8 mile diameter summit crater. A steep-sided lava dome, emplaced during an eruption in 1974, occupies the center of the crater. Within the past 280 years, a large explosive eruption here produced pyroclastic flows that partially filled the Glacier Creek valley on the southwest flank.
According to AVO, a low-level eruption of lava continues at Great Sitkin. Satellite images show slightly elevated surface temperatures around the volcano, indicative of those lava flows. In today’s update, USGS warns, “It is possible that explosive activity could occur with little or no warning.” While seismicity was low at Great Sitkin over the last day, USGS continues to closely monitor it. Local seismic and infrasound sensors, satellite data, web cameras, and remote infrasound and lightning networks are all used by USGS to understand current events at this volcano.
Pavlof Volcano is a stratovolcano located on the southwestern end of the Alaskan Peninsula just under 600 miles southwest of Anchorage. The volcano is about 4.4 miles in diameter and has active vents on the north and east sides near the summit. According to USGS, the volcano has had more than 40 historic eruptions, making it one of the most consistently active volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc. The Aleutian Arc is on the Pacific Ring of Fire.
AVO says that Pavlof continues to erupt from the vent on the east flank just below the volcano’s summit. “Seismic tremor and elevated surface temperatures were observed over the last day and reflect continued eruption of a small laval flow on the upper part of the volcano,” USGS said today in a statement, adding, “No explosions or ash clouds were detected.” While no explosions were observed, AVO says that can quickly change. “The progression to more significant eruptive activity can occur with little or no warning.” cautions AVO in today’s update.
Based on its location on the globe at 179°46′ East, Semisopochnoi is the easternmost land location in the United States and North America, located just 9.7 miles west of the 180th Meridian in Alaska. Semisopochnoi is part of the Aleutian Islands, a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller other islands. These islands, with their 57 volcanoes, make the northernmost part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. Semisopochnoi is monitored by local seismic and infrasound sensors, satellite data, regional infrasound, and lightning detection instruments.
According to the AVO, low-level eruptive activity continues with minor ash emissions which are visible in webcam imagery during periods of clear weather. Small ash clouds that erupt here rise a few hundred feet into the air and quickly disperse, posing no significant threat to aviation interests. The small eruptions are producing minor ash deposits within the vicinity of the active north crater of Mount Cerberus at the volcano. However, USGS adds caution: “Small explosions and associated ash emissions may continue and could be difficult to detect, especially when thick cloud cover obscures the volcano.”
The fourth U.S. volcano to be at WATCH/ORANGE status is Hawaii’s Kilauea. According to HVO, the summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, within Halemaʻumaʻu crater, continued over the past 24 hours. All recent lava activity has been confined to the crater, and current data indicate that this scenario is likely to continue. No significant changes have been noted at summit or in the East Rift Zone.
Kilauea Volcano is the only active, erupting volcano in the U.S. with tourists. While Hawaii and the national park that the volcano is within is welcoming guests, USGS and HVO does warn of hazards present there.
“This eruption at Kīlauea’s summit is occurring within a closed area of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park. Therefore, high levels of volcanic gas are the primary hazard of concern, as this hazard can have far-reaching effects downwind. Large amounts of volcanic gas—primarily water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)—are continuously released during eruptions of Kīlauea volcano. As SO2 is released from the summit, it reacts in the atmosphere to create the visible haze known as vog (volcanic smog) that has been observed downwind of Kīlauea,” USGS said in a statement. Vog can potentially create airborne health hazards to residents and visitors and could also damage agricultural crops and other plants and livestock.
HVO/USGS urges visitors of Hawaii Volcano National Park and Kilauea Volcano there to exercise extreme caution at all times. “Other significant hazards also remain around Kīlauea caldera from Halemaʻumaʻu crater wall instability, ground cracking, and rockfalls that can be enhanced by earthquakes within the area closed to the public. This underscores the extremely hazardous nature of the rim surrounding Halemaʻumaʻu crater, an area that has been closed to the public since early 2008. ”
While it is only at ADVISORY /YELLOW status today, USGS continues to closely monitor Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii. While USGS is quick to point out that there is no eruption at Mauna Loa today nor is one expected in the immediate future, it remains the world’s largest active volcano and will inevitably erupt at some point in the future.
Mauna Loa is considered the largest active volcano on Earth, rising to 13,681 feet above sea level. Mauna Loa rises up from the ocean floor of the Central Pacific at a depth of about 3 miles. Because of the volcano’s significant mass, the ocean floor directly beneath Mauna Loa is depressed by another 5 miles. According to USGS, this places Mauna Loa’s summit about 56,000 feet above its base; the enormous volcano covers half of the island of Hawaii, also known simply as the “Big Island of Hawaii.”
Mauna Loa eruptions tend to produce voluminous, fast-moving lava flows that can impact communities on the east and west sides of the Big Island from Kona to Hilo. Since the 1850s, Hilo in eastern Hawaii has been threatened by 7 Mauna Loa lava flows. On the south and west sides of the island, Mauna Loa lava flows have reached the coast there 8 times: in 1859, 1868, 1887, 1926, 1919, and three times in 1950.
While Mauna Loa is at a ADVISORY/YELLOW, the Cleveland volcano is at ADVISORY/YELLOW too, making it the only two U.S. volcanoes at such a status level right now.
A large, potentially dangerous volcano isn’t erupting yet, but scientists say odds have increased of eruptive activity at the Cleveland Volcano. USGS scientists monitoring it have raised the Volcano Alert Level and Aviation Color Code to ADVISORY /YELLOW due to elevated surface temperatures and an increase in sulfur dioxide emissions.
This large stratovolcano, located in the Islands of Four Mountains group of the Aleutian chain in Alaska, is 5,676 feet tall and nearly perfectly symmetrical. One of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc, Cleveland has erupted at least 22 times in the last 230 years. Most recently Mount Cleveland has erupted three times in 2009, twice in 2010, once in 2011 and in 2016 and 2017. A small eruption occured on June 2 in 2020.
Explosions from Cleveland typically produce relatively small volcanic ash clouds that dissipate within hours; however, more significant ash emissions are possible, especially if the stratovolcano experiences a full eruption. Stratovolcanoes have relatively steep sides and are more cone-shaped than shield volcanoes. Unlike the more flat shield volcanoes found in Hawaii, in a stratovolcano like Cleveland, the lava builds up around the vent forming a volcano with steep sides. Stratovolcanoes are more likely to produce explosive eruptions due to gas building up in the viscous magma inside.
In today’s AVO update, scientists say unrest continues at Cleveland. “Elevated surface temperatures in the summit crater were observed in satellite data over the past day. No significant or infrasound activity was detected. “
